It is hoped that the variety of essays in this issue will catch a wider audience’s
interests and bring readers to join us in honouring and celebrating Her Majesty Queen
Sirikit’s 80th Birthday.

Long Live Her Majesty Queen Sirikit.

(Srisurang Poolthupya)
Editor

Advisor

Professor Dr. Panya Borisutdhi, FRI.
President of the Royal Institute

Editor

Professor Srisurang Poolthupya, FRI.

Deputy Editor

Professor Dr. Somboon Suksamran, FRI.

Language Editors

Khunying Finola Chatamra
Professor Dr. Robert Exell

Editorial Board

Professor Dr. Likhit Dhiravegin, FRI.
Associate Professor Dr. Kris Chatamra, FRI.
Dr. Sobha Chupikulchai Spielmann, FRI.
Professor Dr. Sawasd Tantaratana, FRI.
Professor Dr. Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, FRI.
Professor Dr. Pornsan Watanangura, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Suthat Yoksan, AFRI.
Associate Professor Malithat Promathatavedi, AFRI.
Miss Kanokwalee Chuchaiya, Secretary-General
Ms. Saengchant Sansupa, Director of Moral and Political
Sciences Division
Dr. Cholthicha Sudmuk, Literary Arts Officer.
Miss Rattikal Sriamphai, Literary Arts Officer.
Miss Itsariya Lauhatiranonda, Literary Arts Officer.

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Editor’s Note

The theme of this issue of the Journal is Harmony in Cultural Diversity. It is an accepted fact that each culture has its own characteristics due to many factors such as the religious belief, environment, climate. As one individual is different from another but can live in harmony with other individuals, it is possible that many cultural units can live in harmony in a community, society, nation and the world. It is up to human beings to choose between harmony and conflict. The right choice will bring peace while the wrong choice will cause wars and casualties. If we believe that understanding will bring sympathy and love, that knowledge will widen our horizon and improve the quality of life, essays and articles in this issue of the Journal of the Royal Institute may contribute some degree of benefit to the readers.

As the Institute is composed of three academies : Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, Academy of Science and Academy of Arts, there are works from all the three academies. These works may interest readers from various fields of knowledge, from social sciences, language and literature, to science and medicine. It is hoped that the interdisciplinary feature of the journal will promote understanding and colaborations between experts of various disciplines. In the age of globalization, the need to colaborate and look further than one’s own field is quite urgent. Harmony in cultural diversity is also necessary in any society so that peace and understanding among global beings can be achieved and maintained.

As this issue of the Journal is planned for the celebration of the auspicious occasion of His Majesty the King’s 7th Cycle Birthday Anniversary, December 5, 2011, two poems are published to wish Him all the best, on behalf of the Editorial Board and the Thai people.

Srisurang Poolthupya
Editor, Fellow of the Royal Institute

Advisor

Professor Dr. Panya Borisutdhi, FRI.
President of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Editor

Professor Srisurang Poolthupya, FRI.

Deputy Editor

Professor Dr. Somboon Suksamran, FRI.

Language Editors

Khunying Finola Chatamra
Professor Dr. Robert Exell

Editorial Board

Associate Professor Dr. Kris Chatamra, FRI.
Professor Dr. Likhit Dhiravegin, FRI.
Professor Dr. Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, FRI.
Dr. Sobha Chupikulchai Spielmann, FRI.
Associate Professor Malithat Promathatavedi, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Pornsan Watanangura, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Sawasd Tantaratana, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Suthat Yoksan, AFRI.
Ms Kanokwalee Chuchaiya, Secretary-General
Ms.Saengchant Sansupa, Director of Moral and Political Sciences Division
Dr. Cholthicha Sudmuk, Literary Arts Officer
Ms. Rattikal Sriamphai, Literary Arts Officer
Ms. Itsariya Lauhatirananda, Literary Arts Officer

Cover Design
Mr.Wisit Pincanngern

Long Live His Majesty the King

May the sacred power of the Triple Gem
And the might of every celestial being
Protect His Majesty from all afflictions
So that He may be the longest reigning
Monarch in Thailand and the world.
May He remain the Golden Bodhi tree
Of peace and love for the Thai people
In this fair and fertile Land of the Free.

Professor Emeritus Srisurang Poolthupya

The Light of the Land

King Bhumibol, greatest of Kings!
Thy subjects join in lauding thee
And wishing thee the best of things,
To mark thy Seventh Cycle Jubilee.
‘Strength of the Land’ thy name doth mean,
Thou givest life and hope to all,
Countless benefits can be seen
From thy projects big and small.
Hill tribe people up in the North
New methods of crop growing learn.
Abundant produce they bring forth,
And so more income they do earn.
In arid lands where droughts prevail,
Thou providest the Royal Rain.
So farms and soil that used to fail
Could have their fertility again.
When storms and floods ravage people,
Like a saviour thou risest to their aid.
Kaem Ling, dams, and weirs are ample
Assistance that they are paid.
Grateful for thy benevolence,
The populace pledge to emulate thee.
Earning but enough for subsistence,
Thais will be self-sufficient and free.
Hard it is not to understand
Why people revere thee ever.
Thou who art the light of the land,
May thy glory last forever!

Associate Professor Malithat Promathatavedi

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Foreword from the President
of the Royal Institute of Thailand

In this second English issue of the Journal of the Royal Institute, I am particularly pleased that there are several papers promoting peace and harmony, of which our country now has great need, in order to ensure its continued survival and progress. Conflicts within the country and with our neighbour have been threatening peace and unity for some time, and if these conflicts cannot be amicably resolved, our country will be weakened. By uniting in our efforts to solve the serious political and economic problems facing the country and the whole world, we may succeed in bringing benefit to all. Practical strategies: academic, social, ethical and spiritual should be mapped out as a guideline. We need progress in every field of knowledge in order to contribute to the welfare of the people all over the world. The Journal of the Royal Institute aims to contribute towards this objective as much as possible.

(Professor Dr. Panya Borisutdhi)
President of the Royal Institute

Editor’s Note

Peace and Harmony is the theme of the Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand Volume II, 2010. As the present world is facing many conflicts and terrorist activities, we are looking for ways to attain peace and harmony. We cannot leave it to peace activists alone to find the solutions leading to peace and harmony.
All of us must join forces to make the world a better place in which to live. The Journal Volume II is the forum.
All religions stress the importance of peace and harmony, yet religions themselves are often the cause of conflict and violence. However, to turn our back on religion is a worse course of action. To see or hear both sides of the story, to reason, to forgive and to seek the middle path or moderation are recommended for all. If we can get to the root of the conflict which may be racial, political, religious, economic, psychological or moral, we can find the right solution to end the conflict peacefully and avoid violence in any form. Speaking of peace and non-violence, Mahatma Gandhi’s words and deeds come to our mind. Many people have heeded his words and adopted his method of non-violence or Ahimsa very successfully. Nelson Mandela in South Africa, Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States of America, Vaclav Havel in Czechoslovakia (now Czech and Slovakia) can be cited as examples. Yet we must take note that to attain peace, truth and non-violence must join forces. Without truth, that is, if the cause is erroneous, non-violence will be an empty word that will not be achieved, and peace will not be possible. That is why Gandhi calls his method Satyagraha which in Sanskrit means “holding fast to truth” Non-violence or Ahimsa for Gandhi does not simply mean “not using the violent means.” Non-violence, according to Gandhi, also means love, compassion and tolerance. Not using weapons may be easy, but it is very difficult to achieve true non-violence. Gandhi says, “We may never be strong enough to be entirely non-violent,
in thought, word and deed. But we must keep non-violence as our goal and make steady progress towards it … The truth of a few will count. The untruth of millions will vanish even like chaff before a whiff of wind.”
This volume offers readers various views concerning peace and harmony. While Mahatma Gandhi offers the use of Satyagraha, this forum is open wide for all ideas and contributions within and outside the theme.

Professor Emeritus Srisurang Poolthupya
Editor, Fellow of the Royal Institute

Editor

Professor Emeritus Srisurang Poolthupya, FRI.

Deputy Editor

Professor Dr. Somboon Suksamran, FRI.

Language Editors

Khunying Finola Chatamra
Dr. Gordon Hamilton

Editorial Board

Professor Dr. Likhit Dhiravegin, FRI.
Associate Professor Dr. Kris Chatamra, FRI.
Dr. Sobha Chupikulchai Spielmann, FRI.
Professor Dr. Pornsan Watanangura, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Sawasd Tantaratana, AFRI.
Professor Dr. Suthat Yoksan, AFRI.
Associate Professor Malithat Promathatavedi, AFRI.
Ms. Saengchant Sansupa, Director of Moral and Political Sciences Division.
Dr. Cholthicha Sudmuk, Literary Arts Officer.
Miss Rattikal Sriamphai, Literary Arts Officer.
Miss Itsariya Lauhatiranonda, Literary Arts Officer.

Cover Design

Associate Professor Asanee Chooarun, FRI.

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the Royal Institute of Thailand 

Vol. I, 5 December, 2009 

The Relevance of Arts and Sciences in the Modern World.

“We shall reign with righteousness for the benefits and happiness of the Siamese people.”

Long Live His Majesty the King

Foreword from the President of the Royal Institute of Thailand

The Royal Institute was established in 1933. The function of the Royal Institute is chiefly to undertake and encourage research in every branch of knowledge which will be beneficial to the nation and to the people of Thailand. The Institute’s activities are to maintain relations and to exchange knowledge and information in all fields with other learned institutes in Thailand and abroad; to compile dictionaries, encyclopaedias and terminologies. In addition, the Institute also oversees the birth of new terminology in the spectrum of the academic world and ensures that the new vocabulary is appropriate to the preservation and promotion of the Thai language, and to coin new words, to establish the criteria of Thai usage. 

There are at present three academies in the Royal Institute: the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, the Academy of Science and the Academy of Arts. Each academy has fellows and honorary fellows who are appointed by the Royal Proclamation on the basis of their academic excellence. Each academy also has associate fellows. 

The Royal Institute has been publishing the Journal of the Royal Institute in the Thai language, four issues per year. To befit the age of globalization, it is decided that there should be also the Journal of the Royal Institute in English, one issue per year. 

On behalf of the Royal Institute of Thailand, I wish the editors and the editorial board every success in their endeavour. I hope that the first English issue of the Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand 2009 will mark the auspicious beginning of a fruitful exchange of knowledge and information through the medium of English, which is widely known across the entire world. 

Professor Dr. Panya Borisutdhi
President of the Royal Institute 

Editor’s Note

This is the inaugural issue of the Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand in English. It contains academic contributions from the Fellows and Associate Fellows of the Royal Institute. Hopefully, this first issue will launch a forum for international academics to share their knowledge in subsequent issues. Original research papers and commentaries are welcome from everyone who is interested in the advancement and exchange of knowledge in all fields. As the editor and the editorial board are new to these positions, we are ready to consider creative suggestions and comments from all readers to improve the journal. 

In this issue, papers on arts and sciences are based on the theme “The Relevance of Arts and Sciences in the Modern World”. The journal offers a variety of topics of relevance and interest to readers in many fields. Contributors are responsible for the content of their respective paper which they proofread themselves before printing. 

Srisurang Poolthupya
Professor Emeritus and Fellow
of the Royal Institute

Editor

• Professor Srisurang Poolthupya, FRI. 

Deputy Editor

• Professor Dr. Somboon Suksamran, FRI. 

Language Editors

• Khunying Finola Chatamra
• Dr. Gordon Hamilton 

Editorial Board

• Professor Dr. Likhit Dhiravegin, FRI.
• Associate Professor Dr. Kris Chatamra, FRI.
• Dr. Sobha Chupikulchai Spielmann, FRI.
• Professor Dr. Pornsan Watanangura, AFRI.
• Professor Dr. Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, AFRI.
• Professor Dr. Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, AFRI.
• Professor Dr. Sawasd Tantaratana, AFRI.
• Professor Dr. Suthat Yoksan, AFRI.
• Associate Professor Malithat Promathatavedi, AFRI.
• Ms. Saengchant Sansupa, Director of Moral and Political Sciences Division
• Ms. Naiyana Vara-Asvapati, Director of Science Division
• Mr. Visarn Oucharearn, Director of Arts Division
• Dr. Cholthicha Sudmuk, Literary Arts officer
• Miss Rattikal Sriamphai, Literary Arts officer
• Miss Itsariya Lauhateranonda, Literary Arts officer

Cover Design

• Assistant Professor Dr. Manote Kongkanandana, AFRI.

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